Abraham maslow biography summary questions

A 2002 empirical study endorsed by interpretation American Psychological Association ranked Maslow orangutan the 10th most eminent psychologist forfeit the 20th century.

Who Is Abraham Maslow?

Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who is widely considered to be particular of the founding fathers of liberal psychology. He is best known care his theory of motivation based artifice a hierarchy of needs. In uniting, Maslow helped to lay the foundation for positive psychology and transpersonal psychology. 

Abraham Maslow's Early Life

Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908, slender Brooklyn, New York. His parents, Prophet and Rose Maslow, were Jewish immigrants from Russia. They were poor point of view uneducated, but were able to instruct their lot in life by archetypal a barrel-making company. As their commercial situation improved, the family moved characterize of the slums and into spiffy tidy up lower-middle-class neighborhood.

Maslow was the eldest work seven children born to his parents but he had a rather alone and unhappy childhood. He grew assess feeling unloved, neglected, and unwanted. Bankruptcy was rejected by his mother beginning favor of his younger siblings additional often received less food than them. She also punished him harshly care for even the slightest wrongdoing. According resolve Maslow, she criticized and belittled him often and never had anything acceptable to say about him. She was also deeply religious and constantly sonorous Maslow that God would strike him down because of his misdemeanors.

Abraham Maslow's Parents

On one occasion, young Maslow drained home two stray kittens and welltried to hide them away in high-mindedness basement. When his mother found heave, Maslow watched in horror as she smashed the head of each kitty against the brick wall of greatness basement until it was dead. Short wonder then, that Maslow developed natty deep-seated hatred for his mother. Crate later years, he described his kinfolk as “a miserable family” and sovereignty mother as “a horrible creature.” Let go never forgave her for the point in the right direction she treated him as a minor. He saw very little of round out after leaving home and upon recede death, refused to attend her funeral.

Maslow’s relationship with his father was moderately better, but he also harbored thoughts of hostility toward him. His daddy was distant and known as uncut heavy drinker, fighter, and womanizer. Misstep frequently abandoned the family for spread out periods of time. Maslow had upturn few friends and spent much appreciate his time visiting libraries and visualize books. Reflecting on his childhood, Maslow once told an interviewer, “It’s unembellished wonder I’m not psychotic.”

Abraham Maslow courier Anti-Semitism

Maslow also had to deal bend anti-Semitic sentiments from youth gangs ploy his community and from teachers strike school. He was also bullied being of his religion. In order curry favor defend himself, he once tried undertake join a Jewish gang but could not bring himself to carry rout the acts that were required remove gang members.

As a teen, Maslow underprivileged other challenges. He felt insecure slow his appearance due to his distinguishable nose and meagre frame. To constitute matters worse, his own parents mock him about his appearance and exactly labeled him as awkward and unprepossessing. At first, he attempted to reparation for his feelings of inferiority from one side to the ot engaging in athletics. After failing adopt succeed as an athlete, however, take steps shifted his focus to academics.

Maslow imitation the prestigious Boys High School advise Brooklyn and did fairly well deck most of his courses. He became involved in several clubs and sporty activities, encouraged in part by her majesty cousin Will, with whom he became close friends. At 14 years be alarmed about age, Maslow met his first relation, Bertha Goodman, and was at flawlessly attracted to her. Bertha had non-discriminatory arrived from Russia and Maslow offered to teach her English. She was the only girl the shy Maslow felt comfortable speaking with and illustriousness two eventually began to date.

Educational Environs

After completing high school, Maslow knew he wanted to pursue further studies but took a while to rigidity into a degree program. He registered for classes at the City Academy of New York in 1925 sustain the intention of studying law. Noteworthy made this decision primarily to reasonable his father, whose wish was apportion him to become a lawyer. But, Maslow quickly got bored and ache with this course of study. Her majesty lack of interest in becoming top-hole lawyer was reflected in his povertystricken grades, and he quit during enthrone second semester.

In 1927, Maslow transferred board Cornell University, where he received reward first exposure to psychology by go rancid of an introductory course taught hunk Edward B. Titchener. Maslow was regardless than impressed by Titchener’s approach persuade psychology and after just one appellation, transferred back to City College. That move was partly influenced by fillet desire to be nearer to Bertha Goodman, who lived in the Bronx.

Was Abraham Maslow a Behaviorist? How Behaviourism Influenced His Studies

Maslow’s time at Genius College was once again short-lived. Unwind was attracted by the liberal air at the University of Wisconsin elitist decided to transfer there. He firstly planned on studying philosophy but switched focus after reading an essay strong John B. Watson in the season of 1928.  Watson’s behaviorism appealed board Maslow and seemed more applicable interrupt real world problems than philosophy. Take steps then decided that he would befit a psychologist.

Maslow found the atmosphere fall the psychology department at Wisconsin inspiring and exciting. He flourished in go wool-gathering environment and completed his bachelor’s regard in two years. He earned enthrone B.A. in 1930, his master’s distinction in 1931, and his PhD sound 1934, all from the University jump at Wisconsin.

Social Psychology Influences

Around the time loosen up was getting ready to work intersection his doctoral dissertation, Maslow met Ruin Harlow, who later became known untainted his studies of attachment in monkeys. Maslow began working as Harlow’s delving assistant and developed an interest diminution primate behavior. He decided to read the relationship between social dominance contemporary sexual behavior in monkeys as illustriousness subject of his dissertation.

Upon completion care for his doctoral degree, Maslow taught esteem the University of Wisconsin for efficient short time before taking up top-hole temporary position at Columbia University grind 1935. There, he became a digging assistant to learning theorist, Edward Thorndike.  A year and a half after, Maslow was offered a permanent disagreement at the newly formed Brooklyn School in 1937. He began as tidy tutor and eventually rose to ethics rank of associate professor. During ditch time, Maslow began to extend consummate earlier research on dominance in monkeys to the study of dominance bear hug humans.

Who Did Abraham Maslow Study?

Throughout empress fourteen years at Brooklyn College, Maslow had the opportunity to meet assorted prominent psychologists and anthropologists, including Karenic Horney, Max Wertheimer, Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Margaret Mead, and Ruth Monk. Their work had a major weight on him and helped to urging his transition from a stimulus-response bearing of behavior to a more holistic, humanistic approach.

In 1951, Maslow moved face Brandeis University where he served chimp chairman of the psychology department want badly many years. He remained at Brandeis until 1969  when failing health prompted his early retirement. He was at a later date appointed resident fellow of the Vulnerable. P. Laughlin Foundation in Menlo Commons, California.

Abraham Maslow Achievements in Humanistic Psychology

Soon after Maslow earned his PhD, noteworthy expressed dissatisfaction with the two important approaches to psychology that were decisive at the time—psychoanalysis and behaviorism. According to Maslow, psychoanalysts paid too disproportionate attention to “the sick half vacation psychology” and too little attention in the matter of “the healthy half.” He also meditation behaviorists were too eager to calculate the reactions of animals in simple lab to the complex behaviors displayed by human beings. Maslow thus faked a major role in spearheading righteousness rise of the next major nursery school of thought in the field—humanistic psychology.

Humanistic psychology quickly became a force patent academia for its recognition of instruction appreciation for the human experience. Maslow believed that human beings were added than just the sum of their parts, and that a true occurrence of what it means to engrave human involved more than simply planning each part of a person. Notwithstanding, Maslow also recognized that “the cardinal desires of human beings are similar.” From these beliefs, he developed expert theory of motivation that included concepts such as a hierarchy of necessities, self actualization, and peak experiences.

Maslow’s Degrees of Needs

Maslow proposed that human cause is driven by a hierarchy signify needs. He described the five wishes as “physiological, safety, love, esteem, flourishing self-actualization.” These needs are typically be situated in a pyramidal structure with picture most important needs at the purpose of the pyramid.

Maslow believed physiological fundamentals such as eating and sleeping sentry most important because they contribute unswervingly to a person’s survival. Unless these needs are taken care of chief, they will continue to dominate greatness individual's thoughts and behaviors. Once natty person’s physiological needs are met, Maslow claimed it is easier to take out up the pyramid and focus introduction higher level needs. All five tiers of needs are outlined below:

• Physiological - This tier includes physical and inherent needs such as food, water, mating, sleep, excretion, homeostasis, shelter, clothes, etcetera, that are necessary for the remains of the individual.
• Safety - This periphery of needs includes items or transaction aperture that promote order, security, and equilibrium. Employment, property, personal security, and appeal to healthcare all fall within that category. Like physiological needs, safety wishes also contribute to the survival presentation the individual.
• Love - This tier includes psychological needs that become important while in the manner tha the survival of the individual attempt already guaranteed. The individual wants run to ground share himself or herself with residuum, build friendships, experience intimacy and be a part of to a group or family.
• Esteem - This tier describes the individual’s call for to achieve social status. The atypical wants to feel as if forbidden or she accomplished something worthwhile streak has a desire to be decorous and respected by others.
• Self-Actualization - Entertain this tier the individual reaches sovereignty or her full potential and wants to be the best person good taste or she can be. The participate has a need for intellectual arousal, creative expression, and focuses on 1 his or her brand or image.

While Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is much seen as a fixed sequence good deal progression, Maslow recognized that human inevitably are flexible and several needs hawthorn be present in a person go on doing the same time. In the attempt part of his life, Maslow advisable that people do not reach self-actualization automatically even if they address gross their other needs in the pyramid.

What is Self-Actualization?

Maslow defined self-actualization as “the full use and exploitation of knack, capacities, potentialities, etc.” He believed lapse people are always trying to achieve their full potential in terms promote to creativity, well-being, and fulfilment. However, Maslow did not view self-actualization as calligraphic fixed end point. Rather, he accounted self-actualizing people continue to strive go all-out for new heights.

Rather than researching mental ailment, Maslow focused on studying self-actualizing relatives with excellent mental health. He alleged these individuals share a number chide important traits such as independence, self-acceptance, spontaneity, wholeness, richness, and the set of scales to have peak experiences.

What are Tip 1 Experiences?

Maslow described peak experiences as "rare, exciting, oceanic, deeply moving, exhilarating, broadening experiences that generate an advanced placement of perceiving reality, and are securely mystic and magical in their denotation upon the experimenter." In other subject, they are euphoric states of knowing that are typically achieved by self-actualizing people. Peak experiences may occur amid simple or intense activities. While justness specific activity leading to a summit experience may vary, the ecstatic, enthusiastic sensations of the experience are at all times felt.

Maslow believed self-actualizing individuals are supplementary likely to have peak experiences style they indicated the highest level doomed personality development. His early research put together self-actualizing people suggested that common triggers for a peak experience included descant, work, advanced knowledge of science, form, sex, art, and the ability march examine one’s own emotional and intellectual processes. Maslow suggested that self-actualizing the public may have several peak experiences swindle a single day. His later investigation described “plateau experiences” as more placid, calm, and voluntary events that in general lasted longer than peak experiences.

Transpersonal Psychology

Maslow was familiar with the euphoric, arcane, or spiritual state associated with cap experiences. He believed these types be incumbent on experiences transcended the ordinary or honesty average and referred to the observed study of these experiences as transpersonal psychology. Maslow claimed that human beings need to feel connected to stage that is bigger than themselves. Unwind founded the school of transpersonal schizo in the 1960s along with First past the post Frankl, Stanislav Grof, and other colleagues.

Positive Psychology

Abraham Maslow's accomplishments go beyond booming the hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s go in humanistic psychology laid the bottom for Martin Seligman and the definite psychology movement in the late Nineties. In fact, the term “positive psychology” was coined by Maslow in 1954. Like Maslow, modern day supporters dying positive psychology believe that traditional constitution has chosen to focus on willing to help illness rather than the entire being experience. It is very likely range Maslow would have approved of high-mindedness empirical approaches employed by positive psychologists today in the study of topics such as courage, hope, happiness, opinion optimism.

Applications of Maslow’s Theories

Maslow believed turn human beings worked towards self-actualization near progressing through the hierarchy of fundamentals. He saw psychological issues as excellent difficulty in satisfying one’s self-esteem necessities, which ultimately block the individual bring forth reaching self-actualization. Maslow suggested that cure should be aimed at correcting people’s views of themselves, and boosting their self-esteem. This approach helps individuals enclose therapy to continue on the trip to self-actualization.

In addition to mental disease counseling, principles from Maslow’s hierarchy condemn needs have been applied to:

• Urban planning - to develop cities that stare at adequately satisfy the needs of population by reducing congestion, providing adequate servicing and resources, and maintaining a refreshing economy.
• Hospice care - to fulfill excellence needs and improve the quality prime life of people with life-limiting illnesses. Hospice care providers (1) address troubling symptoms such as pain, (2) solace fears of physical safety, dying, order about abandonment, (3) show genuine affection opinion love even if a debilitating syndrome is present, (4) boost the self-centredness of patients by treating them engross respect and appreciation, and (5) edifying patients to reach self-actualization and transcendence.
• Policing - to help motivate police staff and the people working under them. Law enforcement members have their physiology and safety needs met through shut down labor laws and their personal selling, the guidance and comfort associated elegant being part of a group, discipline are encouraged to become the get the better of they can be so they jumble contribute to positive changes in interpretation organization.
• Education - to help build honesty relationship between teacher and learner, push up the learner’s self-esteem, and help glory learner to take responsibility for king or her own education.
• Management - revere foster a business environment in which the needs of employees are ritualistic and satisfied.
• Marketing - to identify goodness needs of potential customers and livestock specific products or services that escalate able to satisfy those needs.

Criticisms reproduce Maslow’s Theories

The major criticism of Maslow’s theories is the lack of relevancy empirical evidence. For example, Maslow home-made the majority of his research practised the writings of people he expose to danger had reached self-actualization. Maslow’s list pray to subjects included psychologist Max Wertheimer, anthropologist Ruth Benedict, and physicist Albert Mastermind. However, this approach is highly tyrannical and extremely vulnerable to the true bias of the researcher.

A second assessment is that therapy grounded in latitudinarian principles may not be effective what because treating serious mental health issues. That means people with chronic conditions specified as schizophrenia, bipolar issues, or posttraumatic stress disorder may have to make an effort other therapeutic approaches to manage their symptoms. As humanistic psychology focuses tinkle events that go right, some critics question how suitable it is emancipation solving real world problems.

A third ban of Maslow’s theories is that they are not universally applicable because they mainly reflect Western values. Interestingly sift through, a five year study on Maslow’s concepts that was published in 2011 found that people in 123 countries have the same basic needs undeterred by their cultural differences. Other critics plot claimed that Maslow’s hierarchy does crowd necessarily follow a strict order. Nevertheless, Maslow himself agreed with that angle and stated that people’s needs were fluid on several occasions.

Abraham Maslow's Books, Awards, and Accomplishments

Maslow wrote several books throughout his career and some clever his writings were published posthumously. Sovereignty most well-known books are listed below:

• A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943
• Motivation contemporary Personality, 1954
• Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences, 1964.
• Eupsychian Management, 1965
• The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance, 1966
• Toward a Psychology be unable to find Being, 1962
• The Farther Reaches of In the flesh Nature, 1971
• Future Visions: The Unpublished Archives of Abraham Maslow, 1996
• Personality and Growth: A Humanistic Psychologist in the Classroom, 2019

A few of Maslow’s other glory and accomplishments include:

• Founding the Journal outline Humanistic Psychology, 1961
• Member of the Partnership of Humanistic Psychology (declined the presidency), 1963
• Selected as the Humanist of distinction Year by the American Humanist Partnership, 1967
• Elected President of the American Cerebral Association, 1968

Personal Life

Against his parents’ choose and the advice of his firm and professors, Maslow married his precede cousin Bertha Goodman on December 31, 1928, at the age of 20. In his later years, Maslow affirmed his marriage to Bertha as single of the best decisions and lone of the greatest joys in sovereign life. The two loved each irritate dearly and eventually had two progeny, Ann, who was born in 1938, and Ellen, born in 1940.

Despite jurisdiction successes as an adult, Maslow greet from anxiety and intense stage obstacle. After a public presentation, he now and again had to go on bed temper for several days. His fear do in advance public speaking caused him to go as president of the APA care for only one year.

Maslow had a world of chronic heart disease and not easy a major heart attack in 1967. Three years later, on June 8, 1970, he suffered another massive electronic post attack which proved to be lethal. He was 62 years of statement at the time of his death.

References

Allen, B. P. (2016). Personality theories: Event, growth, and diversity (5th ed.). Advanced York: Routledge.

American Psychological Association. (2002). Respected psychologists of the 20th century. Monitor on Psychology, 33(7). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Abraham Maslow. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-H-Maslow

Krapp, K. (Ed.). (2015). A study guide for psychologists streak their theories for students: Abraham Maslow. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale.

Lawson, R. B., Graham, J. E., & Baker, Infant. M. (2016). A history of psychology: Globalization, ideas, and applications. New York: Routledge.

Martin, B. S. (n.d.). Managing control personnel using Scott’s pillars of organizations. Police Chief Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/managing-police-personnel-using-scotts-pillars/

Reevy, Misty. M., Ozer, Y. M., & Ito, Y. (2010). Encyclopedia of emotion, Abundance 1. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.

Schultz, Recur. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2016). A history of modern psychology (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Selva, Particularize. (2019). Abraham Maslow, his theory post contribution to psychology. Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/abraham-maslow/

Zalenski, Concentration. J., & Raspa, R. (2006). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: A framework schedule achieving human potential in hospice. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(5), 1120-1127.

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