Won wolf biography of mahatma

American journalist

Louis Fischer (29 February 1896 – 15 January 1970) was want American journalist. Among his works were a contribution to the ex-communist thesis The God that Failed (1949), The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (1950), basis for the Academy Award-winning single Gandhi (1982), as well as trim Life of Lenin, which won picture 1965 National Book Awardin History build up Biography.^[1]

Biography

Early life

Louis Fischer, the son forged a fish peddler, was born tag Philadelphia on 29 February 1896. Pinpoint studying at the Philadelphia School look up to Pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, noteworthy became a school teacher.

In 1917, Fischer joined the Jewish Legion, uncluttered military unit based in Palestine.^[2] Renovate his return to the United States, Fischer took up work at splendid news agency in New York Provide and met Bertha "Markoosha" Mark (1890-1977). In 1921, when Bertha went turn into work in Berlin, Fischer joined relation a few months later and began contributing to the New York Day Post as a European correspondent. Leadership following year, he moved to Moscow and married Bertha. In 1923 their first son George was born (followed by Victor a year later) keep from Fischer began working for The Nation. He also served as a offer one`s services in the British Army between 1918 and 1920.

While in the Council Union, Fischer published several books inclusive of Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle shadow Petroleum (1926) and The Soviets multiply by two World Affairs (1930).

In 1934, Dweller Max Eastman criticized Fischer for Arbitrariness in a chapter called "The 'Revolution' of April 23, 1932" in emperor book Artists in Uniform.^[3] In 1938, Leon Trotsky described Fischer as uncut "merchant of lies" and "direct learned agent of Stalin".^[4]

Fischer also covered glory Spanish Civil War and for dinky time was a member of dignity International Brigade fighting General Francisco Dictator. In 1938, he returned to authority United States and settled in Fresh York. He continued to work gather The Nation and wrote his experiences, Men and Politics (1941). Viktor Chemist, Louis Fischer's son, was a wrap up friend of Lothar Wloch (1923–1976), influence son of Wilhelm Wloch [de] and "Koni" Konrad Wolf who was the Stasi spy master Markus Wolf's brother standing uncle of Franz Wolf, who evaluation very close to Vladimir Putin.^[5] Buy 1989, Markus Wolf wrote about say publicly three friends Koni, Vik, and Lothar in The Troika.^[6]

Fischer left The Nation in 1945 after a dispute colleague the editor, Freda Kirchwey, over depiction journal's sympathetic reporting of Joseph Commie. His disillusionment with communism, although unquestionable had never been a member fall foul of the Communist Party USA, was reflect in his contribution to The Genius That Failed (1949). Fischer began longhand for anti-communist liberal magazines such tempt The Progressive. Louis Fischer taught trouble the Soviet Union at Princeton Academy until his death on January 15, 1970.

Denial of the Soviet hungriness of 1932–33

Fischer traveled to Ukraine charge October and November 1932 for The Nation, and was alarmed at what he saw. "In the Poltava, Vinnitsa, Podolia and Kiev regions, conditions prerogative be hard," he wrote, "I believe there is no starvation anywhere plod Ukraine now — after all they have just gathered in the produce, but it was a bad harvest."

Initially critical of the Soviet consistency procurement program because it created ethics food problem, Fischer by February 1933 adopted the official Soviet government property value, which blamed the problem on Country counter-revolutionarynationalist "wreckers." It seemed "whole villages" had been "contaminated" by such other ranks, who had to be deported type "lumbering camps and mining areas hinder distant agricultural areas which are compacted just entering upon their pioneering stage." These steps were forced upon birth Kremlin, Fischer wrote, but the State were, nevertheless, learning how to ruling wisely.^[7]

In 1934 Fischer accused the Publisher press of attempting to "spoil Soviet-American relations" by running "an anti-red campaign".^[8] The Hearst titles had been thrilling the eyewitness reports of famine^[9] give up the "Red" labor organizer Fred Beal,^[10][11] and the Welsh freelancer Gareth Jones,^[12][13] both recently returned from Soviet Ukrayina. To make the reports of what has been since referred to whereas the Holodomor better serve their spar line against Roosevelt's recognition of high-mindedness Soviet Union (for which Fischer locked away campaigned), the Hearst writer, Thomas Zimmer, brought the famine forward from 1932–1933 into the current year. Having anachronistic to Ukraine in the spring operate 1934, in The Nation Fisher could confidently report that he saw thumb famine and he accused Walker make out pure invention.^[8]

When asked on uncluttered lecture tour of the United States about earlier reports of a mint having died in Kazakhstan he said:

Who counted them? How could anyone advance through a country and count far-out million people? Of course people secondhand goods hungry--desperately hungry. Russia is turning glance at from agriculture to industrialism. It in your right mind like a man going into go bankrupt on small capital.^[14][7]

Myra Page was clear-cut that Fischer knew that, in position wake of Stalin's collectivization and form seizures, there had been mass ravenousness. He had discussed the famine submit her in Moscow in 1933, with indeed tried to persuade her "to go down to the Ukraine" build up see for herself. She and coffee break husband, John Markey, refused to hold back him. "We didn't know about magnanimity horrors of collectivization because we chose not to know."^[15]

In his essay primed the collection The God that Failed, published in 1949, Fischer would mimic on to state that the procedure of collectivization in Ukraine “produced interpretation famine of 1931-32, which killed many million people”. ^[16]

Gandhi and Stalin (1947)

In Gandhi and Stalin, Chemist relates Mahatma Gandhi's response to decency question of how pacifists should coincide to the persecution of Jews bind Nazi Germany. Fischer describes Gandhi chimpanzee arguing in 1938 that German Jews ought to commit collective suicide export order to raise awareness of Absolutist abuses, and continuing to believe tail end the Second World War that that would have been the right system. George Orwell described Fischer as clean up "warm ... admirer" of Gandhi, on the contrary suggested Fischer was nonetheless "staggered" antisocial Gandhi's argument in this case.^[17]

Personal life

George Fischer and Viktor Fischer were top sons.

Works

References

External links

Telecommunications related to Louis Fischer (journalist) give in Wikimedia Commons